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99
Key Guidance
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Facebook
36
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
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17
Election Campaigns: Social Media
14
Social Media in Political Communication
12
COVID-19 Communication
10
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
8
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
7
YouTube
7
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
7
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
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Social Media
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Instagram
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Government Communication Strategies
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Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
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Digital Research Methods
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Digital Political Communication
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Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
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Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
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Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
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Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
4
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
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Algorithms & Big Data
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Google
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Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
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Blogging, Blogs
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TikTok
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Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
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Health Disinformation & Misinformation
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Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
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Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
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Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
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Digital Communication, Digital Media
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Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
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Political Blogging
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Bots
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Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
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Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
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Feminism & Communication
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Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
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Political Communication
3
Political Transition and Media
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Network Analysis
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Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
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Campaigning: Planning & Implementation
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Christian Social Media Presence & Online Communities
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
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Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
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Social Media Marketing & Digital Public Relations
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Community Radios
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Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
2
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
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Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
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War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
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Content Analysis (Research Method)
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Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
2
Religious Digital & Social Media Practices
2
Digital Media Research, Digital Communication Research
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Online Dating
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LinkedIn
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Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
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Telegram
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LGBT & Communication / Media
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Infectious Diseases' Outbreak Communication
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Sports Reporting
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Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
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Health Campaigns: Experiences
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Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
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Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
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Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
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Polarization, Political Polarization
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Propaganda
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Public Opinion
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Taliban
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Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
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Antisemitism
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User-Generated Contents
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Access to Internet & Digital Communications
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Advertising
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Celebrity Humanitarianism
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Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
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Disinformation Consumption & Perception
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Media Diaries
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News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
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Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
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Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
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Election Campaigns
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Catholic Church and Communication
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Francis (Pope)
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Popes & Papacy: Media Representation & Communication Strategies
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Synods
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Digital Theologies
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Freedom of Expression
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Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
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Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Development Organizations: Communication Strategies & Media Representation
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Foreign Government Communication Interventions
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Government Propaganda
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Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
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International Organizations: Communication Strategies & Practices
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Nonprofit Public Relations: Design & Implementation
1
Alternative Communication & Media
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Community Newspapers, Community Press
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Street Papers
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Groups, Group Communication, Group Development
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Participatory Communication
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Storytelling
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Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
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Conflicts: Victims' Perspectives
1
Holocaust
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Civil Wars
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Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
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Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
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Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
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Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
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Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
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Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
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Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
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Internet / ICTs and Conflicts
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Transitional Justice Reporting
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Trauma: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Wars & Political Violence in Arts & Literature
1
Computational Content Analysis
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Countering Misinformation & Rumours
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
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Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
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Digital Anthropology, Cyberanthropology
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Religious Functions & Messages of Digital Media
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Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
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United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
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Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
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Digital Media, Internet & Religion
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Cyberfaith / Virtual Spirituality
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Digital & Information Literacy
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Internet / ICTs and Social Change
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Digital Financial Services, Mobile Banking, Mobile Payphone Business
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Online News
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Wikipedia
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Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
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Gender and ICTs / Internet
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Virtual Reality
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Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
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Romani People
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Xenophobia
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Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
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Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Information Management
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Disaster Risk & Preparedness Communication, Disaster Prevention Communication
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Early Warning: Disasters
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Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
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Election Campaigns: Disinformation & Misinformation
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Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
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Identifying & Researching Disinformation
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Digital Economies & Markets
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Microcredits, Microfinance, Small-Scale Loans
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Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC)
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Political Parody and Satire
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Soap Operas & Telenovelas
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Communication for Sustainable Development
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Environmental Communication in Social Media, User-Generated Contents
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Accountability & Transparency of the Media
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Countering Defamation & Harassment
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Defamation of Religion (Blasphemy)
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Codes of Journalistic Ethics
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Bias in News Media
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Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Tools
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Evaluation Methods: Using Communication Tools
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Female Journalists & Media Workers
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Female Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers
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Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
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Gender Issues: Media Coverage
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Gatekeepers
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Good Practice Examples
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Health Campaigns: Effects & Effectiveness
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Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
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Nazism
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Ethnicity in Communication
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China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
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Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Investigative Journalism
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Journalism Education & Training
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Journalists
1
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
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News
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Photojournalism
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Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
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Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
1
Election Reporting
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Religion: Media Representation
1
Sexual Abuse Reporting, Sexual Violence Reporting
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Crowdsourcing
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
1
Consumer Protection
1
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
1
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
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Diasporas
1
Digital Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
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Blind & Visually Impaired People
1
Photography
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
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Elections
1
FARC (Insurgent Group, Colombia)
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Anticommunism
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Populism
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Right-Wing Extremism
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
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Public Spheres
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Alternative Public Spheres
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Monitoring
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Everyday Life
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Religion and Communication
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Hinduism and Communication
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Islamist Communications & Media
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Judaism and Communication
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Secularization & Atheism
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Research in Media & Communication
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Research Methods
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Quantitative Analysis
1
Discrimination
1
Social Justice
1
Mobile & Wireless Communications Technologies
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Mobile Phones, Smartphones
1
Mobile Phone Apps
1
Al-Jazeera
1
RT (Russian International Broadcaster, formerly Russia Today)
1
Language
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Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
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Methods applied
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Output Type
The Handbook of Conflict and Peace Communication
Top Insights
Hoboken; Chichester: Wiley Blackwell (2025), xxvi, 430 pp.
"This book offers an in-depth view of how intricate and intractable conflicts can be and how the communicative aspects of conflict are equally challenging. The author reviews and guides readers through classic and contemporary analysis in the field, providing a truly interdisciplinary work. Handbook
...
Hooked on the Feed: An Analysis of How Facebook, TikTok, and X Shape Information Consumption in Eastern Europe
London: Thomson Foundation; Media Journalism Research Center (MJRC) (2025), 69 pp.
Spreading Like Wildfire: The Securitization of the Amazon Rainforest Fires on Twitter
International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 91-111
"As a tool of political communication and information diffusion, social media has transformed the process of securitization, allowing (in)security messages to spread and scale up rapidly. Focusing on the case of the Amazon rainforest fires in 2019, this article seeks to answer two questions: How doe
...
Exploring Hashtag Feminism Around Sexual Violence on Farsi Twitter: Affective Practices, Hierarchy of Deservingness, and Media Solidarities
International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 3441-3459
"This study investigates the participation of Iranian women in hashtag feminism on Farsi Twitter as a means of resistance against marginalization. Using frameworks of hashtag feminism and media solidarities, the research analyzes Bidarzani—a grassroots feminist campaign—tweets and online convers
...
“Woman, Life, Freedom”: A Visual Rhetoric Analysis of #MahsaAmini on X
International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 5559-5584
"This study examines the visual rhetoric and activism themes on #MahsaAmini through a quantitative content analysis of 520 visual tweets. The findings show massive support for the women’s movement in Iran through a predominantly visual pro-movement slant, which highlights the role of emotional vis
...
Populism Fuels Hate Speech and Disinformation: Evidence From Political Discourse on X (Formerly Twitter) in India and Pakistan
International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 5694-5713
"This study discusses the relationship among the various dimensions of populism, hate speech, and disinformation within the political discourse on X (formerly Twitter) in India and Pakistan. Employing manual content analysis, we examined 7,141 posts from both populist and non-populist political lead
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The flood, the traitors, and the protectors: Affect and white identity in the Internet Research Agency’s Islamophobic propaganda on Twitter
Ethnic and Racial Studies, volume 47, issue 5 (2024), pp. 982-1008
"Between 2015 and 2017, the Internet Research Agency (IRA) – a Kremlin-backed “troll farm” based in St. Petersburg – executed a propaganda campaign on Twitter to target US voters. Scholarship has expended relatively little effort to study the role of Islamophobia in the IRA’s propaganda ca
...
Reading Justice Claims on Social Media: Perspectives from the Global South
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2024), xxi, 326 pp.
"This book explores how unresolved questions of social justice shape the character of the political terrain and political actors, through the lens of social media. It treats communication as the medium through which social issues and processes are made visible. Given the rise and spread of populist
...
Religion in der digitalen Gesellschaft: Wenn der Papst twittert
Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (2024), 354 pp.
"Wie bedeutsam ist Religion noch für uns - gerade in einer Zeit, in der viele institutionelle Religionen immer mehr ihrer Mitglieder verlieren? Christina Behler nimmt die digitale Gesellschaft als Ausgangspunkt und liefert eine detaillierte Analyse der Twitter-Aktivität von Papst Franziskus. Auf G
...
The last Twitter census: Examining baseline metrics for Twitter users during a period of dramatic change
VOX-Pol Network of Excellence (2023), 77 pp.
"This report compares two large random samples of Twitter accounts that tweet in English: one taken just before Elon Musk acquired Twitter in October 2022, and one taken three months later, in January 2023. It also examines several related datasets collected during the period following the acquisiti
...
The Effects of Flagging Propaganda Sources on News Sharing: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Twitter
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 28, issue 4 (2023), pp. 909–928
"While research on flagging misinformation and disinformation has received much attention, we know very little about how the flagging of propaganda sources could affect news sharing on social media. Using a quasi-experimental design, we test the effect of source flagging on people’s actual sharing
...
Metavoicing, trust-building mechanisms and partisan messaging: A study of social media usage by selected South African female politicians
Information, Communication & Society, volume 26, issue 13 (2023), pp. 2575-2597
"This study investigates social media usage patterns, Twitter’ frequency use and message typologies of selected South African female politicians’. Using the digital public sphere theory as a lens, the study considers six hundred Twitter posts from six female politicians from the African National
...
Walking with Bourdieu into Twitter communities: An analysis of networked publics struggling on power in Iranian Twittersphere
Information, Communication & Society, volume 26, issue 8 (2023), pp. 1653-1674
"This paper offers some insights into Twitter as a political field, based on Bourdieu’s field theory. Networked publics, as agents of this field, are competing overpower by performing networked practices. To investigate this field, we focused on two networked practices: networked framing and narra
...
The uses of Twitter in the construction and maintenance of Occupy Gezi’s collective identity
Information, Communication & Society, volume 26, issue 7 (2023), pp. 1401-1417
"This empirical research investigates the uses of Twitter and longterm communication practices in the construction process of Occupy Gezi’s collective identity since the eruption of the Gezi protests until the constitutional referendum campaign in 2017. This article emphasises the latent phase of
...
The Digital Battlefield: The Taliban’s Case of Co-opting Social Media for Warfare and Governance
Tokyo: Toda Peace Institute (2023), 20 pp.
"This paper delves into the paramount significance of social media in contemporary warfare, shedding light on the critical need for effective measures to counter online radical narratives and prevent the spread of violent extremism. It explores how autocratic and repressive groups like the Taliban e
...
From Disinformation to Fact-Checking: How Ibero-American Fact-Checkers on Twitter Combat Fake News
Profesional de la Información, volume 32, issue 1 (2023), 14 pp.
"In recent years, the disinformation phenomenon, brought about by the ease with which fake news and hoaxes spread on social networks, has grown considerably. Twitter, especially, is a network that from the outset has been closely linked to news processes that are widely used by journalists. It has b
...
The Role of Bots in Spreading Conspiracies: Case Study of Discourse About Earthquakes on Twitter
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, volume 92, issue 103740 (2023), 11 pp.
"In this paper, we identified seven most widely spread conspiracy discourses about earthquakes. These conspiracy discourses link earthquakes to military activities like secret nuclear bomb testing, God’s Providence like the punishment of humans for their sins, space activities like aliens visiting
...
Hate Speech on Social Media: A Global Approach
Covilhã (PO); Qutio (EC): LabCom; University of Beira Interior; PUCE Publications Centre (2023), 302 pp.
"Hate speech is more complex and diverse on social media. It spreads at high speed and can impact behaviors beyond the borders where it originates. Hate is ubiquitous, interactive, and multimedia. It is available 24/7, reaching a much larger audience. On social media, haters can be anonymous and fin
...
The Propagation of Misinformation in Social Media: A Cross-Platform Analysis
Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press (2023), 246 pp.
"In a cross-platform analysis of Google Web Search, Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, Twitter, Instagram, 4chan and TikTok, we found that hyperpartisan web operators, alternative influencers and ambivalent commentators are in ascendency. The book can be read as a form of platform criticism. It puts on disp
...
Tweeting for Religion: How Indonesian Islamic Fundamentalist Organizations Use Twitter
Journal of Media and Religion, volume 22, issue 1 (2023), pp. 1-16
"This study investigates how Islamic fundamentalists groups in Indonesia use Twitter to communicate with their stakeholders to achieve organizational goals. Based on previous work, three main functions of the use of social media by organizations were examined: spreading information, building and mai
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