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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
27
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
11
Digital & Information Literacy
9
Female Journalists & Media Workers
7
Media & Information Literacy
7
War Reporting
6
Children's Television Programmes
5
Media Literacy: Children
5
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
5
Democracy / Democratization and Media
5
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
4
Public Service Broadcasting
4
Youth Media
4
Media Use: Children
3
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
3
Media Reception & Effects: Children
3
Freedom of Expression
3
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
3
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
3
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
3
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
3
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
3
Health Communication
3
Foreign Correspondents
3
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
3
Media Literacy: Youth
3
Public Spheres
3
Communication & Media Indicators
3
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
2
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
2
Media Use: Youth
2
Children and Media
2
Children's Media
2
Violence in the Media: Effects on Children
2
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
2
United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
2
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
2
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
2
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
2
Communication for Social Change
2
Communication Among Disadvantaged Persons
2
Television Markets
2
Communication for Sustainable Development
2
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
2
HIV / AIDS Communication
2
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
2
Globalisation of Media
2
Journalism Education & Training
2
Journalistic Quality
2
Photojournalism
2
Stereotypes in Media & Communication
2
Media Literacy: Curricula
2
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
2
Small States: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
2
Public Media, State Media
2
Research in Media & Communication
2
Inequalities
2
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
2
Youth: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Advertising Literacy: Children
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Children & Advertising
1
Digital Advertising, Online Advertising
1
Empowerment
1
Audiences & Users
1
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
1
Digital & Social Media Use: Children
1
Gaming: Uses & Effects
1
Interactive Radio: Audience Participation, Interaction & Feedback
1
Media Diaries
1
Television Use: Children
1
Media Use: Families
1
Television Use: Youth
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Child Protection Online
1
Digital Media Socialisation
1
Children: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Children: Early Childhood, Toddlers, Preschoolers
1
Children's Rights
1
Gaming: Children
1
Celebrities, Idols, Stars
1
Development Education: Films
1
Ethnographic Films
1
Censorship
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
Self-Censorship
1
Government Communication Strategies
1
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Community Media
1
Participatory Communication
1
Boko Haram
1
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
1
Humanitarian Interventions
1
Iraq War (2003)
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Extremist Recruitment through Media
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
1
Trauma: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Violence in the Media: Effects on Youth
1
Violence in the Media: Video Games
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
1
Arts
1
Theatre for Development
1
Culture and Development
1
Gaming: Youth
1
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
1
Development Aid Reporting
1
Development Education: Use & Role of Media
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Social Media in Political Communication
1
Internet Markets
1
Religion in Social Media
1
ICTs and Development
1
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
1
Media Concentration
1
Radio Markets
1
Political Economy of Media
1
Television Economics
1
Small-Scale Industries
1
Educational Television
1
Gaming, Video Games
1
Addiction to Media & Video Games, Effects of Media on Mental Health
1
Sports Reporting
1
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Tourism & Travel
1
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Journalism Ethics
1
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
1
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
1
Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
1
Gender-Sensitive Journalism
1
Good Practice Examples
1
Food / Nutrition Communication & Media Representation
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
1
Indigenous Television Broadcasting
1
Intercultural Dialogue
1
International Communication
1
Foreign Television Programmes
1
Glocalization of Media
1
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
1
UNESCO
1
United Nations (UN)
1
Journalism
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Journalism Studies & Research
1
Journalism Studies: Research Projects
1
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
1
Local Journalism
1
News
1
Local News
1
Political Reporting
1
Prostitution Reporting & Media Representation
1
Religion: Media Representation
1
Religious Journalism, Religion News
1
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
1
Media & Communication Policies
1
Television Policies
1
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
1
Financing Public Service Media
1
Clientelism
1
Politics and Media
1
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
1
Political Communication
1
Newspapers
1
Radio Debates, Radio Talk Shows, Call-In Radio Programmes
1
Media Effects
1
Everyday Life
1
Television Reception & Effects
1
Religion and Communication
1
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
1
Communication & Media Research Associations & Networks
1
Research Methods
1
Ethnographic Research
1
Social Change
1
Marginality, Marginalized Groups
1
Social Classes
1
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
1
SMS
1
Reality Television Programmes & Daily Talks
1
Theories of Communication & Media
1
Signs, Signals, Semiotics
1
Youth and Media
1
Youth & Digital Media
1
Youth Television Programmes
1
Youth Films & Videos
1
Language
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Media focus
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Methods applied
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"Journalists in many countries work in contexts of continuous risk, but few empirical studies identify how these conditions influence practice or measure the relative influence of different kinds of risk. This study asks a national sample of Mexican journalists to report use of several measures to a ... more

UNESCO’s Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists: Call for new academic research initiatives

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 103-108
"Within this global context, UNESCO is the UN agency with the mandate to advance “the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication” and to promote “the free flow of ideas by word and image”. UNESCO has defined press freedom as designating the conditi ... more

Collaboration is the future: Doing research in the network era

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 71-80
"The study of journalists’ safety around the world is one of the areas that clearly require international collaboration. This chapter highlights three distinct models of scientific collaboration: the centralized, the correspondent, and the coordinated cooperation model. The Worlds of Journalism St ... more
"The Boko Haram terrorism and violent extremism that ravaged North East Nigeria and Republics of Chad, Niger and Cameroons from 2009-2015 exposed weaknesses in the safety policy and protocols for local journalists in times and zones of tension in Nigeria. Boko Haram terrorists killed 30,000 people a ... more
"The accelerating digitalisation of the media landscape has released enormous forces of change in the Nordic advertising markets. The overall impression from the results of this study is that the sweeping changes digitalisation is bringing about are not just undermining the business model on which t ... more

Safety concerns in the Nigerian media: What gender dynamics?

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 171-184
"This chapter focuses on gender dynamics in media safety in Nigeria. It critically examines the safety challenges journalists in Nigeria face in executing their duties in a country that has experienced different forms of conflicts, ranging from political instability, organized crime, terrorism, and ... more

A Country without Mercy: Afghan Journalists Caught in Crossfires

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 81-86
"In the last Afghan solar year (22 March 2015 – 21 March 2016), twelve journalists and media workers were killed, exceeding any previous year in recent history. In June 2016, the US photographer David Gilkey and his interpreter, journalist Zabihullah Tamanna, were killed in a Taliban attack in Maj ... more

Internal Threats and Safety of Journalists: A Study from India

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 227-230
"Journalists face numerous threats from different stakeholders. In developing countries, internal threats coming from inside media organizations – threats that have a serious impact on the professional, economic and psychological lives of journalists – are less researched. This research is an at ... more

Australian News Photographers, Safety and Trauma

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 231-234
"This chapter illuminates new understanding about the dangers experienced by Australian news photographers on international and domestic assignments. Using oral history methodology, the interviews with 60 present and former Australian newspaper photographers revealed a litany of psychologically and ... more

How Safe Is It? Being an activist citizen journalist in Turkey

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 279-288
"This study discusses how and in what ways activist citizen journalists in Turkey develop safety tactics against the repressive strategies of a neoliberal authoritarian government. By drawing on the theories of alternative new media and citizen journalism, we conducted interviews with activist citiz ... more

The Cost of Truth Telling in India: Reporting in the Context of Intolerance

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 87-92
"I would like to begin by stating the obvious. Any way forward has to be based on a clear understanding of the possibilities for change in the environment and context of the press in India. While there is a lot to celebrate about the press in India, its institutional location within the market, its ... more

The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression: Words of Introduction

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 11-20
"People who exercise their right to freedom of expression through journalism should be able to practice their work without restrictions. They are, nonetheless, the constant targets of violence and threats. In an era of globalization and digitization, no single party can alone carry the responsibilit ... more

The Dangers of Sports Journalism

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 205-220
"According to The Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 per cent of all journalists killed since 1992 worked on the sports beat. At present, however, we have limited knowledge of the specific dangers faced by sports journalists. This chapter presents findings from exploratory research on 78 reports of ... more

Unwarranted Interference, Fear and Self-censorship among Journalists in Council of Europe Member States

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 221-226
"Journalists may be exposed to a number of risk factors for unwarranted interference. This is often compounded by a culture of impunity. The extent of unwarranted interference, the experience of fear associated with such interference, and the consequent possibility of self-censorship among journalis ... more

Assaults against Journalists: We see the tip of the iceberg

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 119-128
"The summarised reports in this chapter show that the scope of safety and sacrifice is far greater than each actor alone or their sum can account for. Although the discussion did not offer an investigation into the USA and other mature democracies, it is clear from the survey in the European territo ... more

Violence against Indigenous Journalists in Colombia and Latin America

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 191-204
"This chapter explores mechanisms and causes that put indigenous journalists at risk in Latin America. It seeks to explain the nature of “indigenous journalism” as well as the differences and similarities between “indigenous journalism” and the journalisms found in mainstream media in Latin ... more

Journalist Killings and the Responsibility to Report

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 21-32
"More journalists are being killed and threatened around the world than at any time before. How do we account for these disturbing trends and why do journalists increasingly put themselves in harm’s way? This chapter argues that if we are to better understand the motivations of journalists and the ... more

A Story Bigger than Your Life? The safety challenges of journalists reporting on democratization conflicts

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 289-302
"This chapter investigates safety challenges journalists face when reporting on democratization conflicts and their impact on journalistic work. It builds on a comparative case study within the EU-funded project “Media, Conflict and Democratisation” (MeCoDEM), which explores journalistic work pr ... more