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Hate Speech 2020

Tina Gogoladze

Media Development Foundation (MDF) (2021), 32 pp.

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Online Caste-Hate Speech: Pervasive Discrimination and Humiliation on Social Media

Damni Kain, Shivangi Narayan, Torsha Sarkar, Gurshabad Grover

Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) (2021), 32 pp.

"In India, religious texts, social customs, rituals, and everyday cultural practices legitimise the use of hate speech against marginalised caste groups. Notions of "purity" of “upper-caste” groups, and conversely of "pollution" of “lower-caste” groups, have made the latter subject to discri ... mination, violence and dehumanisation. These dynamics invariably manifest online, with social media platforms becoming sites of caste discrimination and humiliation. This report explores two research questions. First, what are the specific contours of caste-hate speech and abuse online? Semi-structured interviews with 12 scholars and activists belonging to Dalit, Bahujan and Adivasi (DBA) groups show that marginalised groups regularly face hate and harassment based on their caste. In addition to the overt hate, DBA individuals and groups are often targeted with abuse for availing reservations – a constitutionally mandated right. More covert forms of hate and abuse are also prevalent: trolls mix caste names and words from different languages together so that their comments appear meaningless to individuals who are not keenly aware of the local context. Such hateful expression often emerges as a reaction from “upper-caste” groups to DBA resistance and social justice movements. Our respondents reported that the hateful expression can sometimes silence caste-marginalised groups and individuals, exclude them from conversations, and adversely impact their physical and mental well-being. The second question we explore is how popular social media platforms and online spaces moderate caste-hate speech and abuse. We analysed the community guidelines, policies and transparency reports of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Clubhouse. We find that Facebook, Twitter and YouTube incorporated "caste" as a protected characteristic in their hate speech and harassment policies only in the last two or three years – many years after they entered Indian and South Asian markets – showing a disregard for the regional contexts of their users. Even after these policy changes, many platforms – whose forms for reporting harmful content list gender and race – still do not list caste. Social media companies should radically increase their investment and capacity in understanding regional contexts and languages; they must focus on the dynamics of casteist hate and abuse. They will need to collaborate with a diverse set of DBA activists to ensure that their community guidelines effectively tackle overt, covert and hyper -local forms of caste-hate speech and abuse, and that their implementation and reporting processes match these policy commitments." (Eexecutive summary) more

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Hate Network: Hate Speech on Social Media Platforms in the Palestinian Context and its Impact on Their Digital Rights

Nijmeh Ali

Arab Center for Social Media Advancement (2021), 46 pp.

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Right-Wing Extremism on the Internet: 2020-2021 Report

Flemming Ipsen, Franziska Böndgen et al.

Mainz: jugendschutz.net (2021), 31 pp.

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Counter-Terrorism, Social Media and the Regulation of Extremist Content

Levi J. West

In: Counter-Terrorism: The Ethical Issues

Seumas Miller, Adam Henschke, Jonas Feltes (eds.)

Edward Elgar Publishing (2021), pp. 116-128

"As highlighted above, the development and refinement of counter-terrorism policies and practices by social media and technology companies has come about as a function of the evolving nature of terrorist and extremist entities’ exploitation of said platforms. The challenges highlighted above, name ... more

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Addressing Hate Speech on Social Media: Contemporary Challenges

Jonathan Bright, Antonella Perini, Anne Ploin, Reja Wyss

Paris: UNESCO (2021), 10 pp.

"This discussion paper seeks to give an overview of the key aspects that need to be taken into consideration to address the occurrence of hate speech on social media, be it through concrete regulations by social media companies, counter efforts and legislations or preventive educational measures. Th ... more

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The "Hate Speech" Policies of Major Platforms During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ana Laura Pérez

Montevideo: UNESCO Office Montevideo and Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean (2021), 32 pp.

"This document reports an increase in so-called “hate speech” posts on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although dissimilar, such an increase can be observed in the transparency reports of the different platforms and the surge in content moderation since M ... more

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Hateful Speech and Conflict in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Words and Phrases

Nicola Barrach-Yousefi et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab; Centre for the Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD); Destiny Ethiopia Project (2021), 56 pp.

"The list of terms included in this lexicon, as well as their proposed meaning and contextualization, are not static. Instead, the lexicon is a ‘snapshot’ (in time and space) of how hateful language is used, perceived, and understood by those who contributed to the research process in Ethiopia b ... more

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How Journalists Can Address Misinformation on Telegram

Bermet Talant

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2021), 35 pp.

"As of July 2021, Telegram had 550 million active users worldwide – more than the individual user bases of Twitter, Snapchat or Discord. It is the fifth most-popular messaging app after Facebook-owned Whatsapp and Messenger, and WeChat and QQ which dominate the Chinese market [...] For this paper, ... more

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Hasskrieger: Der neue globale Rechtsextremismus

Karolin Schwarz

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2020), 224 pp.

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Hate Speech, Information Disorder, and Conflict: Research Review

Sahana Udupa, Iginio Gagliardone, Alexandra Deem, Laura Csuka

SSRC (2020), 17 pp.

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Developing a Civil Society Response to Online Manipulation

Carl Miller, Chloe Colliver

London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2020), 30 pp.

"This document presents a vision for a grand, civil societal response to online manipulation: developing the capability to detect it; the coalitions to confront it, the strategies to prevent it, and the structures of cooperation and funding that are needed to do both across all the causes and issues ... more

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Bookmarks: A Manual for Combating Hate Speech Online Through Human Rights Education

Ellie Keen, Mara Georgescu (eds.)

Strasbourg: Council of Europe, revised ed. (2020), 213 pp.

"Hate speech is one of the most worrying forms of racism and discrimination prevailing across Europe and amplified by the Internet and social media. Hate speech online is the visible tip of the iceberg of intolerance and ethnocentrism. Young people are directly concerned as agents and victims of onl ... more

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Models of Governance of Online Hate Speech

Alexander Brown

Council of Europe (2020), 198 pp.

"For some users the current Internet epoch can be considered the Internet of Hate which poses serious human rights concerns. Reflecting the scale and seriousness of the problem, innovations in governance tools for online hate have been initiated by national governments, intergovernmental organisatio ... more

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Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists
Top Insights

Julia Ebner

London et al.: Bloomsbury (2020), viii, 348 pp.

"By day, Julia Ebner works at a counter-extremism think tank, monitoring radical groups from the outside. But two years ago, she began to feel she was only seeing half the picture; she needed to get inside the groups to truly understand them. She decided to go undercover in her spare hours – late ... more

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Online Hate Speech: Introduction Into Motivational Causes, Effects and Regulatory Contexts
Key Guidance

Konrad Rudnicki, Stefan Steiger

DeTACT; Media Diversity Institute (2020), 71 pp.

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Voices of Pakistani Youth: Lessons for Civil Society in the Development of Effective Counter-Narrative Campaigns

Jasmeet Sahotay

London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2020), 33 pp.

"This report ties together young Pakistani people’s experiences of hate and extremism – with contextual research and questions put to young people in Pakistan, centred around their views on identity, media consumption patterns and perceptions of the state and national news media. This research h ... more

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Propaganda des „Islamischen Staats“: Formen und Formate

Bernd Zywietz (ed.)

Wiesbaden: Springer VS (2020), vi, 411 pp.

"Die Propaganda der terroristischen Miliz "Islamischer Staat" hat für Aufsehen gesorgt und die Debatte um das Internet und vor allem das "Social Web" als Risikotechnologie oder Gefahrenraum mitbestimmt. Dabei setzt der IS auf ein breites Spektrum medialer und gestalterischer Formen und Formate eine ... more

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ISIS Propaganda: A Full-Spectrum Extremist Message

Stephane J. Baele, Katharine A. Boyd, Travis G. Coan (eds.)

New York: Oxford University Press (2020), xii, 287 pp.

"This book offers a comprehensive overview and analysis of the Islamic State's use of propaganda. Combining a range of different theoretical perspectives from across the social sciences, and using rigorous methods, the authors trace the origins of the Islamic State's message, laying bare the strateg ... more

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Das ist keine Propaganda: Wie unsere Wirklichkeit zertrümmert wird

Peter Pomerantsev

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2020), 295 pp.

"Auf der ganzen Welt nutzen unterschiedlichste Akteure die Wirkungsmechanismen der digitalen Medien aus, um durch gezielte Desinformationskampagnen die öffentliche Meinung zu beeinflussen. Dies, so lautet die zentrale These von Peter Pomerantsev, bedrohe Demokratien und Demokratisierungsprozesse. W ... more

Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists Top Insights

Online Hate Speech: Introduction Into Motivational Causes, Effects and Regulatory Contexts Key Guidance

Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists
Top Insights

Online Hate Speech: Introduction Into Motivational Causes, Effects and Regulatory Contexts
Key Guidance