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Economics, Markets & Viability of Media

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Independent Media in Lebanon: An Economic Outlook

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2021), 10 pp.

"Alternative media platforms in Lebanon vary in size and expenditures. Annual turnovers range between USD 15,000 to almost USD 1.1 million. Editorial costs make up the bulk of all alternative media platforms. Namely the salaries of core team members and journalists, as well as the fees paid to freel ... ancers, correspondents, and outside consultants/writers. Secondary costs include production equipment, rent, operation, equipment, legal fees, and technical feels. All interviewed independent platforms are non-profit. Almost all members of independent platforms are motivated primarily by their love of the job. Most independent platforms have relied on volunteering, either totally or partially, from their conception to their current stage. None of the platforms interviewed have a devoted person or team in charge of marketing and sales in the traditional sense of buying ads or working on partnerships. Partnerships are usually rare, approached informally, by word-of-mouth and networks, and decided up by editorial teams. All platforms have one person (full-timer or part-timer) in charge of marketing the platform’s own content on social media, but not advertising other brands on their own platforms, except The961. Almost all the platforms are unsatisfied with the current promotion model on social media. Most concerns are related to the clash between the platform’s values and the ethics and politics of social media platforms. Complaints also touched upon the fact that independent media have to invest time and money to create content, and then they have to pay social media to host it, rather than get paid by social media. Some platforms, such as Khateera, have adopted a pragmatic mindset from the start. “Our only objective is to get our message across to as wide an audience as possible,” they said. All media have agreed that good journalism costs money and generates very little, therefore other revenue streams are required to sustain it. All independent media interviewed have relied mostly on grants, except The961. Grants provide core funding and project-based funding. Both Daraj and Megaphone have also relied on volunteers but have shifted away from it. Sentiments towards grants vary. Most platforms in Lebanon have chosen donors that are not related to national, local or foreign authorities; donors that preserve their editorial integrity: i.e., no interference in editorial decisions and alignment with values and ethics. They all have a good relationship with their donors." (Findings, page 3) more

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Impact of Covid-19 on Media Sustainability

MISA-Zimbabwe (2021), 47 pp.

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Media Viability in East Africa: Kenya

George Gathigi, Ann Hollifield

Aga Khan University; Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), vii, 30 pp.

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Media Viability in East Africa: Uganda

George Gathigi, Ann Hollifield (eds.)

Aga Khan University; Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), vii, 31 pp.

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Media Viability in East Africa: Tanzania

George Gathigi, Ann Hollifield (eds.)

Aga Khan University; Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), vii, 33 pp.

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COVID-19 and the Global Media Sector: Developments and Ways Forward

Alexander Matschke, Johanna Mack, Dennis Reineck, Roja Zaitoonie

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), 7 pp.

"COVID-19 has taken a heavy toll on freedom of expression, access to information, and media freedom. Amidst an ongoing global decline in democratic freedoms, the pandemic has severely affected the work of media outlets and independent journalists. Functioning media are, however, a precondition for r ... more

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Who Owns the Media in Bangladesh?

Dhaka: Center for Governance Studies (CGS) (2021), 57 pp.

"This report documents a snapshot of media ownership in Bangladesh in late 2020 and identifies its major patterns. By no means is this report exhaustive nor does it cover all aspects of ownership of media in Bangladesh. In the absence of baseline data, our primary objective was to build one with the ... more

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Estudios sobre la industria de contenidos audiovisuales y pluralismo informativo en Colombia

Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones (CRCOM) (2021), 33 pp.

"Fruto de la convergencia tecnológica la industria de Contenidos audiovisuales ha cambiado en Colombia. Si bien, la audiencia continúa accediendo a los contenidos a través de TV (sea por señal abierta o por TV por suscripción), el fenómeno de acceso a contenidos difundidos por internet a trav� ... more

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UNESCO Media Viability Indicators: Research Study Jamaica

Brian Schmidt, Kiran Maharaj

Media Institute of the Caribbean; UNESCO (2021), 86 pp.

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Financial Transparency of Media 2020

Mariam Pataridze, Ani Kistauri

Media Development Foundation (MDF) (2021), 40 pp.

"The following report on the financial transparency of media represents data of 2020. In order to illustrate the extent to which budgetary funding influences the editorial policy of the media or to observe the types of editorial policies the concerned media outlets pursue, it also discusses some exa ... more

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The Business Environment for News Media in Zimbabwe

Michelle Foster, Jason Lambert

Internews (2021), 22 pp.

"There is a growing market for factual, independent, reliable, and affordable news delivered in diverse languages in southern Zimbabwe. The local revenue sources to fund those efforts are not apparent. In an area of deep poverty, which has only been amplified by natural disasters and pandemic, large ... more

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COVID-19 and the Media: A Pandemic of Paradoxes. Human Rights Impacts of COVID-19 on Public Interest Media

Hugh Macleod

Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2021), 115 pp.

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Entrepreneurial News Sites as Worthy Causes? Exploring Readers’ Motivations Behind Donating to Latin American Journalism

Summer Harlow

Digital Journalism, volume 9, issue 3 (2021), pp. 364-383

"This study uses surveys with readers of entrepreneurial news startups in seven Latin American countries to examine their motivations for donating to journalism. Using the donor–organization relationship from public relations scholarship as a framework, this study showed content, independent/objec ... more

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Media's Future in a Post-Covid World

John Wilpers

UPM; FIPP (2021), 72 pp.

"The road to creating a successful corporate culture in the new hybrid work era is lined with landmines, but it is also loaded with new opportunities for more diverse, more motivated, and more talented workforces. Financial sustainability was already a dicey challenge pre-Covid. Companies producing ... more

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The Indian Media Business: Pandemic and After

Vanita Kohli-Khandekar

New Delhi et al.: Sage India, 5th ed. (2021), xxiii, 297 pp.

"The fifth edition [...] cuts across print, TV, film, music, radio and digital media. In the process, the book takes you through the current trends, history, business dynamics and regulation in media, and provides a glimpse into the future of each of these segments." (Back cover)

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Media and COVID-19 in West Africa: Liberia

Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) (2020), 7 pp.

"With the exception of the introduction of new press passes for the journalists by the Deputy Minister of Information and the harassment that followed its implementation, the media landscape in Liberia in May and June has been open and free. Even though the Ministry of Information reduced the freque ... more

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Media and COVID-19 in West Africa: Sierra Leone

Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) (2020), 8 pp.

"Sierra Leone continues to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic through the dissemination of information across various platforms. The media have generally been supportive in providing the public with information and education about COVID-19. However, media owners and managers continue to raise concerns ... more

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Perspectives from the Global Entertainment & Media Outlook 2020–2024. Pulling the future forward: The entertainment and media industry reconfigures amid recovery

Werner Ballhaus, Wilson Chow et al.

PwC (2020), 24 pp.

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Media Freedom in South Africa Today: Unravelling Multifarious Threats toward a Research and Advocacy Response

Julie Reid, Glenda. Daniels, Kate Skinner

Communicatio: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, volume 46, issue 3 (2020), pp. 1-19

"This article assesses the multiple factors which are barriers to media freedom in South Africa. These include crises of financial sustainability of the media sector which have recently been compounded by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; widespread job losses in journalism; and harassment and phy ... more

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Les transformations postsoviétiques des médias et du journalisme russes

Elena Vartanova

Paris: L'Harmattan (2020), 232 pp.

"Existe-t-il un chemin particulier d’ouverture d’un système médiatique à l’économie, aussi épineux soit-il ? C’est justement le fil rouge de cette monographie, qui examine, sur la base de données empiriques et théoriques, les processus de transformation du journalisme et des médias d ... more