Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Mental illness among journalists: A systematic review

Yuta Aoki, Estelle Malcolm, Sosei Yamaguchi, Graham Thornicroft, Claire Henderson

International Journal of Social Psychiatry, volume 59, issue 4 (2012), pp. 377-390

"Aims: To investigate mental illness among journalists in five key areas: (1) journalists' mental health status; (2) journalists' personal attitudes towards mental illness; (3) attitudes and support journalists expect or have experienced from colleagues when they have a mental health problem; (4) ef ... more

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Threats to the Right to Life of Journalists

Sarah Elliott, Mona Elbahtimy, Sharath Srinivasan

Cambridge: Centre of Governance and Human Rights (CGHR) University of Cambridge (2012), 23 pp.

"Journalists as a category of individuals are subjected to special risks of physical violence that amount to serious risks to their right to life. The current scale of threats to the lives and killings of journalists is a serious matter of concern. It shows an erosion of the rule of law and democrat ... more

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Freedom of the Press 2012: Breakthroughs and Pushback in the Middle East. Selected Data from Freedom House's Annual Press Freedom Index

Karin Deutsch Karlekar, Jennifer Dunham

Washington, DC: Freedom House (2012), 40 pp.

"The improvements in the Arab world were the most significant findings of Freedom of the Press 2012: A Global Survey of Media Independence, the latest edition of an annual index published by Freedom House since 1980. The gains came on the heels of eight consecutive years of decline in the global ave ... more

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U.S. and Finnish Journalists: A Comparative Study of Roles, Responsibilities, and Emotional Reactions to School Shootings

Klas Backholm, Marguerite Moritz, Kaj Björkqvist

In: School Shootings: Mediatized Violence in a Global Age

Glenn W. Muschert, Johanna Sumiala (eds.)

Leeds: Emerald Publishing (2012), pp. 141-160

"In the chapter, journalistic work ethics on the scene during school shootings and journalists’ psychological stress reactions after such work is studied. Approach: Findings are based on several qualitative studies carried out separately at different time periods, spanning over a decade. Included ... more

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Covering Trauma in Canadian Journalism: Exploring the Challenges

Patrice Keats, Marla Buchanan

Traumatology, volume 19, issue 3 (2012), pp. 210-222

"This critical ethnographic study is an investigation of the effects of witnessing trauma for Canadian journalists and photojournalists working on national and international assignments. Our primary aim is to describe our participants’ understanding of the effects of covering trauma, disaster, or ... more

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Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism

Ross Tapsell

Asian Studies Review, volume 36, issue 2 (2012), pp. 227-245

"Even though Indonesia has entered a new era of democracy and press freedom, self-censorship still exists in the professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists. Indonesia has a long history of censorship, particularly pressure from the government encouraging journalists to self-censo ... more

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Challenges for Independent News Media in Pakistan

Sherry Ricchiardi

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2012), 47 pp.

"For two years running, Pakistan has been ranked by international media monitors as the most dangerous place on earth for journalists. Media workers have been kidnapped, tortured, and beaten to death for delving into the nation’s potent military apparatus and spy agencies. Bodies have been found w ... more

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Opening Remarks to the Sessions of the UNESCO International Symposium on Freedom of Expression, 26 January, 2011

Helge Rønning

Nordicom Review, volume 33, issue 3 (2011), pp. 111-113

"On 26 January 2011, UNESCO hosted the second International Symposium on Freedom of Expression at its Paris headquarters. The Swedish National Commission for UNESCO sponsored the conference. The symposium brought together individuals and organisations linked to the field of journalism and sparked no ... more

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The Initiative on Impunity and the Rule of Law

William Horsley

London: Working Conference “Safety and Protection of Journalists: A Responsibility for the World” (2011), 28 pp.

"The Initiative on Impunity and the Rule of Law is a global project of the Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield and the Centre for Law, Justice and Journalism (CLJJ) at City University, London. Our aims are to provide an independent platform to assess the effectivene ... more

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Cyberactivism in the Egyptian Revolution: How Civic Engagement and Citizen Journalism Tilted the Balance

Sahar Khamis, Katherine Vaughn

Arab Media & Society, issue 13 (2011), 37 pp.

"The Egyptian revolution was characterized by the instrumental use of social media, especially Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and text messaging by protesters, to bring about political change and democratic transformation. This article focuses on how these new types of media acted as effective tools fo ... more

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Coping with traumatic stress in journalism: A critical ethnographic study

Marla Buchanan, Patrice Keats

International Journal of Psychology, volume 46, issue 2 (2011), pp. 127-135

"Journalists who witness trauma and disaster events are at risk for physical, emotional, and psychological injury. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical ethnographic study among 31 Canadian journalists and photojournalists with regard to coping strategies used to buffer t ... more

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Trauma Journalism: On Deadline in Harm's Way

Mark H. Massé

New York; London: Continuum (2011), ix, 229 pp.

"The role of journalists in covering trauma and tragedy isn’t new. Witnessing acts of violence, destruction and terror has long been the professional responsibility of countless print and broadcast reporters and photographers. But what is new is a growing awareness of the emotional consequences of ... more

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Media Policy Paradigm Shift in Turkey: Rethinking Neo-Authoritarian Media Systems in the Age of Neo Liberalism

Serhat Ahmet Kaymas

Acta Universitatis Danubius. Communicatio, volume 5, issue 1 (2011), pp. 40-69

"This article has aimed to open a discussion on the rethinking a neo authoritarian media system in the age of neo liberalism as a case of Turkey’s media experiences. In this context, this study deals with the media policy paradigm shift in the Republic of Turkey since 1980s. According to a recent ... report of the European Journalism Centre (2010:4); although in the wake of a recent democratization wave in the country, there have been some positive elements in the media such as sporadic emergence of some critical perspectives even in some notoriously biased media outlets, which may change this bleak picture, the structural factors which shape the media practices (ownership concentration, working conditions of the journalist, etc) are too rigid and therefore it is too early to become optimistic. In this context, some aspects of these democratization processes are taken from the candidacy of European Union. Despite these positive developments in the doorstep of the European Union, Turkey’s media experience is heavily based on ownership structure and journalistic routines are far away from the democratic media system. Therefore, Turkey’s media experiences are characterised as a sample of neo authoritarian media system with ongoing media policy transformations, for instance privatization of media companies as much as possible, breaking monopolies and the fundamental change of the public broadcasting service is in the context of media policy. This observable change depends on the two overlapping development in Turkey’s democracy. On the one hand, the landscape of national media spaces has been affected by the political and economical conditions; especially after the two financial crashes (in 2000 and 2001) Turkey’s media has followed a re-structure by means of ownership and control. On the other hand, Turkey’s media experiences have been affected by governmental changes. Before the economic crises Turkey’s democracy was governed by a coalition and after the economic crises Turkey’s government changed by the national elections in 2002. Thus this article seeks to answer two interrelated questions: Where does press freedom stand in Turkey decades after the Justice and Development Party’s policies began? And what does Turkey’s media transformation tell us about our understanding of mass political media systems? In this study by using comparative analysis, and incorporating political science literature that offers typologies of non democratic systems of governance, this article demonstrates that contemporary Turkey’s media find much in common with authoritarian regimes across the world and are not sui generis as some have argued." (Abstract) more

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Notes on the public sphere on a national and post-national axis: Journalism and freedom of expression in Turkey

Miyase Christensen

Global Media and Communication, volume 6, issue 2 (2010), pp. 177-197

"Since Turkey became a candidate for the European Union in 1999, democratic rights and freedom of expression have been key issues in discourses surrounding EU—Turkey relations. Discussions on these questions often centre on state censorship and legislative constraints. The role of the media themse ... more

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Politicians and the News Media: How Elite Attacks Influence Perceptions of Media Bias

Glen R. Smith

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 15, issue 3 (2010), pp. 319-43

"When political elites receive unfavorable news coverage, a common strategy is to attack the source. Past research suggests that attacks on the news media increase perceptions of media bias, but it remains unclear how this occurs. Using two experiments, the author examines how attacks on the news me ... more

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Justifying Self-Censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia

Terje S. Skjerdal

Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, volume 7, issue 2 (2010), pp. 98-121

"This study investigates self-Censorship practices in Ethiopian state media institutions. Through indepth interviews with 61 journalists, the study discloses extensive use of self-Censorship on the part of journalists who try to conform to the expected reporting style of the state media. The journal ... more

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The mutual perception between deputies and Spanish parliamentary journalists and its influence in political and media agendas

María Rosa Berganza, Arjen Van Dalen, María Ángeles Chaparro

Revista de Comunicación, volume 9 (2010), pp. 7-25

"This paper examines the relationship between parliamentary journalists and Spanish Members of Parliament. The study, based on surveys, is part of a European research in which Germany, Denmark and the United Kingdom have also participated. Among the key conclusions, it highlights the remarkable powe ... more

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The effects of exposure to crisis on well-being of journalists: A study of crisis-related factors predicting psychological health in a sample of Finnish journalists

Klas Backholm, Kaj Björkqvist

Media, War & Conflict, volume 3, issue 2 (2010), pp. 138–151

"Effects of work-related and personal exposure to potentially traumatic events on PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), depression, compassion fatigue and burnout were examined in 503 Finnish news journalists (238 men, 265 women) by using a web-based survey. Stepwise linear multiple regression analy ... more

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The Moment is Frozen in Time: Photojournalists’ Metaphors in Describing Trauma Photography

Patrice Keats

Journal of Constructivist Psychology, volume 23, issue 3 (2010), pp. 231-255

"In describing their understanding of trauma, disaster, and conflict photography, photojournalists in this qualitative study conceptualized abstract experiences using specific types of metaphors. Their metaphors focused on concepts such as violence, bewilderment, and health/affliction. The unique as ... more

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Witnessing trauma in the newsroom: Posttraumatic symptoms in television journalists exposed to violent news clips

Anke Weidmann, Jenny Papsdorf

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, volume 198, issue 4 (2010), pp. 264-271

"Employees working in television newsrooms are exposed to video footage of violent events on a daily basis. It is yet unknown whether they subsequently develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as has been shown for other populations exposed to trauma through television. We conducted an inte ... more