Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Job Control and Subjective Well-Being in News Work

Víctor Hugo Reyna

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 115-124

"The objective of this chapter is to establish a link between the concepts of job control and subjective well-being to explore the question of journalists’ happiness." (Abstract)

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Reporting Conflict from Afar: Journalists, Social Media, Communication Technologies, and War

Britt Christensen, Ali Khalil

Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 2 (2023), pp. 300-318

"We conducted interviews with conflict journalists who covered the conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Libya, and Iraq and who work for the major international news agencies and media companies. These journalists did most of their reporting from remote locations as the conflict zones were too dangerous to be ... more

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WorldCat (19)

Better Safe Than Sorry

Jaron Murphy

In: Challenges and New Directions in Journalism Education

Karen Fowler-Watt (ed.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), 15 pp.

"Firstly, this chapter provides an overview of the generally dreadful state of press freedom worldwide, with online and physical attacks on journalists commonplace. In doing so, it surveys research data from leading international organisations advocating for journalism safety, which collectively ill ... more

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Repressed media and illiberal politics in Turkey: The persistence of fear

Murat Akser, Banu Baybars

Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, volume 23, issue 1 (2023), pp. 159-177

"This article examines the historical roots of the role of successive Turkish governments’ fear of media and Turkish media’s fear of government authority with respect to the development of press freedom over the long run and closely analyzes the historical pressures imposed on journalists throug ... more

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Safety training deficiency, threats and adaptive measures among journalists reporting violent conflict in North East Nigeria

Umaru A. Pate, Abubakar Jibril

African Security Review, volume 32, issue 3 (2023), pp. 227-242

"This study appraises the mainstreaming and teaching of safety in journalism training institutions in Nigeria and interrogates the effectiveness of the safety measures available to safeguard the lives of journalists reporting from conflict areas in the North East geopolitical zone. In-depth intervie ... more

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When Will one Help? Understanding Audience Intervention in Online Harassment of Women Journalists

Shuning Lu, Luwei Rose Luqiu

Journalism Practice (2023), [no pag.]

"While online harassment directed towards women journalists are under wide discussion, the mechanism of audience intervention in stopping online harassment is less explored. Integrating bystander invention, ambivalent sexism, and social identity theories, we propose and test an integrative framework ... more

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Whose Media Freedom is Being Defended? Norm Contestation in International Media Freedom Campaigns

Martin Scott, Mel Bunce, Mary Myers, Maria Carmen Fernandez

Journal of Communication, volume 73, issue 2 (2023), pp. 87-100

"This article analyses how international advocacy campaigns approach and define media freedom, and what influences this process. It does this through a two-year case study of the Media Freedom Coalition—an intergovernmental partnership of over 50 countries—that included 55 interviews with key st ... more

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Blurred Boundaries of Journalism to Guarantee Safety: Approaches of Resistance and Resilience for Investigative Journalism in Latin America

Lucia Mesquita, Mathias Felipe de Lima Santos

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 916-935

"News organizations and journalists around the world have seen an increase in threats and attacks against themselves and their work. In Latin America, this is heightened by the ongoing state of violence. To continue producing quality investigative journalism, professionals must find ways to deal wit ... more

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Mitigating Risks to Journalists in the 2014 Gaza War

Michael Tasseron

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 976-989

"Reporting on the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict poses a significant risk to the physical safety of journalists and other media professionals. At times of heightened conflict between the two sides, the magnitude of the risks journalists face increases exponentially. Journalists reporting from ... more

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Reporting the MENA as Conflict: Political Influences, Routine Practices, and Journalists' Struggles in the Field

Claudia Kozman

In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South

Bruce Mutsvairo, Saba Bebawi, Eddy Borges-Rey (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 260-268

"Working in a conflict-ridden region, journalists in the Middle East have always struggled to report fairly and accurately while keeping in mind the power structures in their countries. For these journalists, practicing journalism in mostly authoritative governments has meant facing additional hurdl ... more

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In-Between Journalism and Media Development: Negotiating Journalist Safety within Decolonising African Contexts

Viola Candice Milton, Winston Mano

In: Decolonising Journalism Education in South Africa: Critical Perspectives

Ylva Rodny-Gumede, Colin Chasi, Zubeida Jaffer, Mvuso Ponono (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 163-186

"Media development has long been a staple in Africa and literature about its conceptualisations, practices and impact abound. One defining characteristic of this literature is that it focuses primarily on media development’s impact on the media’s ability to resist penetration by the state. This ... more

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Threats to Journalists from the Consumer Internet of Things

Anjuli R. K. Shere, Jason R. C. Nurse, Andrew Martin

In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybersecurity, Situational Awareness and Social Media

Cyril Onwubiko, Pierangelo Rosati, Aunshul Rege, Arnau Erola, Xavier Bellekens, Hanan Hindy, Martin Gilje Jaatun (eds.)

Singapore: Springer (2023), pp. 303–326

"Threats associated with the consumer Internet of Things (IoT) may particularly inhibit the work and wellbeing of journalists, especially because of the danger of technological surveillance and the imperative to protect confidential sources. These issues may have knock-on effects on societal stabili ... more

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“I Really Wanted Them to Have My Back, but They Didn’t”—Structural Barriers to Addressing Gendered Online Violence against Journalists

Annina Claesson

Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1809-1828

"Despite rising scholarly interest in online violence as an “occupational hazard” for journalists, we know little about the dynamics that shape the often-limited support given by media organizations to media workers affected by online violence. In this study, I explore how the working environmen ... more

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”You have to prove the threat is real”: Understanding the needs of Female Journalists and Activists to Document and Report Online Harassment

Nitesh Goyal, Leslie Park, Lucy Vasserman

New Orleans CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI' 22); ACM (2022), 17 pp.

"Online harassment is a major societal challenge that impacts multiple communities. Some members of community, like female journalists and activists, bear significantly higher impacts since their profession requires easy accessibility, transparency about their identity, and involves highlighting sto ... more

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Perception of journalists reporting in conflict zones: Labour situation, working conditions and main challenges in information coverage in contexts of violence

Santiago Tejedor, Laura Cervi, Fernanda Tusa

Media, War & Conflict, volume 15, issue 4 (2022), pp. 530–552

"A total of 324 journalists have been killed in the world in the last decade. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the situation is alarming. Based on these statistics, this work presents an investigation with journalists from 10 countries. Based on in-depth interviews and the Delphi method, the stud ... more

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Save the Journalist: News Media in Time of Crisis

Artan Grubi, Aurora Karameti

Vizione, volume 38 (2022), pp. 291-305

"Along the first lockdown of the world because of covid 19 pandemic, the professional media regained their monopoly of reliable information linked to the health crisis of all kinds: political, social and economic thanks to the journalism of quality. Journalists were on the front lines to ensure the ... more

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Freedom of Expression: A Myth or Reality? A Case of Pakistani Television Journalists

Awais Hameed, Tabassum Saba, Ali Haider Saeed

Journal of Media and Communication Studies, volume 2, issue 2 (2022), pp. 1-16

"This study is aimed at investigating the impact of security threats on the freedom of expression of Pakistani Television (TV) journalists. It has been observed that a growing trend of curtailment of freedom of expression is becoming new normal in the country. One of the significant problems related ... more

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Academic Consultation Report and Recommendations: 10th Anniversary of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity

2022: UNESCO (2022), 70 pp.

"As press freedom continues a downward trend across the globe against a backdrop of rapidly changing landscape for the safety of journalists, the 10th anniversary of the UN Plan provided an opportunity to take stock of its key achievements during this first decade of implementation, as well as to id ... entify solutions to challenges that have arisen along the way. In this respect, UNESCO coordinated a multi-stakeholder consultative process involving regional and thematic consultations to collect partners’ experiences in promoting safety of journalists over the last decade as a basis for informing the course of action in the next 10 years and beyond. The consultative process included five regional and sub-regional consultations (for Africa, South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Arab States and Europe), two thematic consultations (on the safety of women journalists, on risk management and transparency of digital platforms), and crosscutting academic consultations. This process brought together governments representatives, civil society organizations, academia, journalists, news organizations, IGOs and tech companies who shared experiences of the implementation of the Plan and provided and provided possible solutions to improve its coordination amidst a complex safety environment. From the eight consultations, UNESCO published a concise outcome document summarizing key processes and outcomes of each of the consultations. This document provided background reading and highlights of key issues and trends that informed discussions during the High-level conference on the Safety of Journalists which took place in Vienna on 3 -4 November. The conference was organized by the Austrian Federal Ministry of European and International Affairs in cooperation with UNESCO and the UN Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the UN Plan of Action and to reaffirm, recommit and reposition it for the next 10 years. Three other regional events were held to mark this anniversary. These are the Arab regional event that took place on 2-4 November in Tunis, Tunisia; the New York Group of Friends on Safety of Journalists event that took place in New York on 7 November 2022, and the Africa event that took place in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, on 11-12 November 2022. This report provides a detailed account of the three consultations held with academics on supporting and strengthening the future successful implementation of the UN Plan of Action." (Background, page 4-5) more

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Media Environment 2022: Threats and Supportive Instruments in Georgia

Gersamia, Mariam, Maia Toradze

Tbilisi: Media and Communication Educational and Research Center "Media Voice" (2022), 76 pp.

"The purpose of this study is to assess the threats and supporting mechanisms present in the Georgian media environment in 2022. Observation of the media environment, similar to the previous year’s research, was based on the evaluation of the participants involved in the research and further compa ... more

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More than just collateral damage. Ramifications of the pandemic for freedom of the press

Christina Holtz-Bacha

Publizistik, volume 67 (2022), pp. 31–50

"Confronted with a situation that was new to everyone, world leaders sought the best way to contain the pandemic caused by the coronavirus. The measures introduced, with lockdowns and curfews, affected fundamental rights such as freedom of movement and assembly, with implications for freedom of expr ... more