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Key Guidance
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
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Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
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Journals
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Protecting the Messenger: An International Humanitarian Law Perspective
Journal of Mediation and Applied Conflict Analysis, volume 8, issue 1 (2022), pp. 38-58
"The war in and against Ukraine has brought home the importance of accurate, trustworthy reporting — even from dangerous places. In mediation, particularly mediation arising from armed conflict, it is difficult to overstate the importance of accurate information to help mediate between claim and c
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Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflict: An Insight from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law
GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, volume 4, issue 6 (2021), pp. 21-30
"War journalism, by the nature of its work, is arguably one of the most dangerous professions in the world. Journalists working in conflict-prone areas are constantly exposed to the inherent threats of the battlefield. Over the period of time, there has been a number of attacks, assaults, and arrest
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Digital Technologies and War
International Review of the Red Cross, volume 102, issue 913 (2020), pp. 1-444
Killing Journalists is Not Media Regulation: Private Rights, Collective Wrongs and the Impact of Impunity
Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, volume 29, issue 1 (2019), pp. 263-306
"This article maintains that current international law fails to recognize the specific risks associated with the journalistic profession, and that the fragmented, non-binding and unenforceable initiatives on journalists' rights adopted to date have proven ineffective. It argues that a dedicated inte
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Field Guide: Media Professionals and Armed Conflict. Protection and Responsibilities Under International Humanitarian Law
Key Guidance
British Red Cross; British Institute of International and Comparative Law (2017), 57 pp.
"This Field Guide summarises the legal protection and responsibilities of media professionals operating in armed conflicts. It focuses on international humanitarian law (IHL) – also known as the ‘law of armed conflict’ – and sets out some aspects of international and UK criminal law. It is i
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Media professionals and armed conflict: protection and responsibilities under international humanitarian law. Handbook
British Red Cross; british Institute of international and Comparative Law (2017), vi, 129 pp.
"This Handbook is primarily for use by media professionals who report from conflict zones. It is a practical and accessible guide to the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) that protect media professionals and their work in armed conflict. It also considers the IHL responsibilities that me
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Journalists not spies. The importance of the legal distinction for the protection of journalists during armed conflicts
Journalism Education, volume 6, issue 2 (2017), pp. 48-55
"International Humanitarian Law (IHL) has long-claimed that recognition as a civilian is critical to a journalist's safety during war, but the new US Manual blurs that line and says journalists must better understand the distinction between civilians and combatants. Given the fact that journalists m
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Bravery or Bravado? The Protection of News Providers in Armed Conflict
Brill (2015), xviii, 450 pp.
"During the last decade, the image of war correspondents in the news has shifted dramatically. Reports are no longer full of cheerleading stories of embedded journalists. Instead, stories of war reporters being attacked, kidnapped or injured prevail. Sadly, the former heroic witnesses to war have be
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Journalists as a Protected Category: A New Status for the Media in International Humanitarian Law
UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, volume 17 (2013), pp. 215-250
"The nature of modern warfare has vastly changed the role of journalists in conflict and, therefore, the reliability of the protections afforded to them. Countries such as the United States have interpreted international humanitarian law in such a way that leaves journalists vulnerable to targeting
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The culture of impunity: What journalists need to know about international humanitarian law
Pacific Journalism Review, volume 16, issue 1 (2010), pp. 78-95
"Whether they are nationals reporting wars occurring within their countries or international news media staff, journalists are facing growing dangers when covering conflict events. As civilians, they are protected to some extent by international humanitarian law (IHL). But what are these rules and h
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The Media and International Humanitarian Law: Legal Protections for Journalists
Pacific Journalism Review, volume 16, issue 1 (2010), pp. 96-112
"Journalists and other media personnel perform a crucial role in armed conflicts. In the absence of functioning civil society, which, in peacetime can survey the behaviour of governments and other parties, and report on breaches of law, journalists are often the only parties on the ground able to do
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The international protection of journalists in armed conflict and other violent situations
Australian Journal of Human Rights, volume 14, issue 1 (2008), pp. 99-140
"Media reporting of armed conflict and other situations of heightened violence has become increasingly perilous, with large numbers of journalists and other media personnel killed or deliberately targeted because of their professional work, including by government forces and non-government actors. T
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Protection of Journalists Under International Humanitarian Law
Communications and the Law, volume 17 (1995), pp. 27-39
"Journalists' on professional assignments often face hostile actions by political and military authorities, de jure or de facto. Such hostility ranges in severity from censorship, utilization of harsh laws of defamation, restriction or denial of access to sources of information, denial or revocation
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