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Detecting deepfakes and generative AI: Report on standards for AI watermarking and multimedia authenticity workshop. The need for standards collaboration on AI and multimedia authenticity

Geneva: ITU (2024), vi, 21 pp.

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Vilify, ridicule, disinform: Political communication and media trust in the age of generative AI

Christian Schwieter, Milan Gandhi

Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation; Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2024), 23 pp.

"This report examines political communication and media trust in the age of generative artificial intelligence systems (AI). Firstly, it provides a brief explainer of generative AI tools and techniques, looking separately at systems that generate text and those that generate or manipulate images, vi ... more

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Deepfakes in the context of AI inequalities: Analysing disparities in knowledge and attitudes

Daniel Bendahan Bitton, Hoffmann Christian Pieter, Alexander Godulla

Information, Communication & Society (2024), 21 pp.

"This study contributes to research on digital inequalities in the context of artificial intelligence by examining user perceptions of deepfake technology. We focus on the stratification of deepfake knowledge and attitudes towards deepfakes as critical elements of technology access. Based on a surve ... more

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VerificAudio

Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión (2024)

"El rápido avance de la inteligencia artificial y las tecnologías de clonación de voz harán que saber cuándo un audio es real y cuándo es falso sea cada vez más complicado. Y con ello, la manipulación de audio utilizada para fines maliciosos, amenaza con poner en peligro la integridad de inf ... more

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Empowering Youth to Combat Malicious Deepfakes and Disinformation: An Experiential and Reflective Learning Experience Informed by Personal Construct Theory

Nadia Naffi, Mélodie Charest, Sarah Danis et al.

Journal of Constructivist Psychology (2023), 22 pp.

"The potential to weaponize deepfakes is growing at an alarming rate. The study aimed to explore how education can help youth develop resilience to malicious deepfakes and the ability to counter disinformation, regardless of context. Sixteen youth between the ages of 18 and 24 participated in a 9-h, ... more

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Visual disinformation in a digital age: A literature synthesis and research agenda

Teresa Weikmann, Sophie Lecheler

New Media & Society, volume 25, issue 12 (2023), pp. 3696-3713

"Visuals are expected to amplify the impact of disinformation, but it is rarely specified how, and what exactly distinguishes them from text. This article is one of the first to treat visual disinformation as its own type of falsehood, arguing that it differs from textual disinformation in its produ ... more

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Policy Brief: Ensuring Ethical AI Practices to Counter Disinformation

Federica Urzo, Elisabetta Panico, Salvatore Custureri

MediaFutures; Luiss Data Lab (2023), 15 pp.

"In particular we recommend to strengthen collaboration (platforms should adopt a collaborative approach involving various stakeholders, including governments, civil society organisations, and fact-checkers, to counter the spread and impact of disinformation. This can include sharing information, be ... st practices, and resources to develop effective strategies); enhance transparency (platforms should prioritise transparency by providing clear and comprehensive information on their policies, algorithms, and content moderation processes. Users should have a better understanding of how their data is used, and how algorithms work to prevent the amplification of false and misleading narratives); implement effective content moderation (platforms need to allocate sufficient resources to effectively monitor and moderate harmful content. This includes investing in advanced AI systems and human moderation teams to detect and remove disinformation in a timely manner. Transparent and consistent guidelines should be in place to ensure fairness and accountability in content moderation decisions); promote fact-based information (platforms should prioritise the promotion of fact-based information from reliable sources. This can be done by partnering with credible news organizations and fact-checkers to provide accurate information and combat false narratives. Advertising promoting climate change denial or other forms of misinformation should be prevented); improve the access to data for researchers (platforms should make efforts to provide access to data for independent researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of their policies and initiatives in countering disinformation. This will enable better analysis and understanding of the impact of disinformation and the effectiveness of countermeasures); comply with regulatory frameworks (platforms should fully comply with regulatory frameworks, such as the Digital Services Act (DSA) or other relevant International, EU and National laws and regulations, that provide for obligations on addressing disinformation and mitigating associated risks, the Code of Practice on Disinformation that aims to commit signatories to a range of actions to counter disinformation. These actions include providing transparency reports on political advertising, restricting advertising placements on disinformation websites, disrupting advertising revenue for purveyors of disinformation, and enabling user feedback and fact-checking mechanisms. In this framework, compliance should not be limited to large platforms but extended, with adjustments, to smaller platforms to ensure a comprehensive approach)." (Recommendations, page 6) more

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Deepfakes – When We Can No Longer Believe Our Eyes and Ears. Media Manipulation in Conflict: Challenges and Responses

Aldo Kleemann

Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) (2023), 6 pp.

"Deception and media manipulation have always been an integral part of wartime propaganda. But never before has it been so easy to create high-quality fabrications of images as well as sound and video recordings. The tendency to react emotionally to these media opens up a whole new possibility for a ... more

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Black Communication in the Age of Disinformation: DeepFakes and Synthetic Media

Kehbuma Langmia (ed.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), xxvii, 208 pp.

"Current developments in technology, such as facial recognition, have already disproportionately affected people of color, especially people of African descent. The rise of DeepFakes and other forms of Fake News online has brought a host of new impacts and potential obstacles to the way that Black c ... more

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The Problem with Pictures: Source Analysis and Fact-Checking in a Time of War

Peter Welchering

Journalism Research, volume 5, issue 2 (2022), pp. 172-182

"Day in, day out, we journalists receive images from combat zones in Ukraine, without knowing whether they are authentic or have been manipulated. It is our job to find out, conducting analysis that takes both time and basic knowledge of image forensics. There are many testing tools and platforms fo ... more

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The detection of political deepfakes

Markus Appel, Fabian Prietzel

Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, volume 27, issue 4, zmac008 (2022), 13 pp.

"In this article, a theoretical model on the detection of deepfakes by ordinary citizens is introduced. The authors conducted three studies in which deepfakes with political content were presented. The deepfakes showed UK’s Prime Minister Boris Johnson or Barack Obama. In the deepfake videos, the ... more

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Weaponised Deep Fakes: National Security and Democracy

Hannah Smith, Katherine Manstead

International Cyber Policy Centre Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) (2020), 18 pp.

"Any technology that can be used to generate false or misleading content, from photocopiers and Photoshop software to deep fakes, can be weaponised. This paper argues that policymakers face a narrowing window of opportunity to minimise the consequences of weaponised deep fakes. Any response must inc ... more

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Digital Democracy

International Reports (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung), volume 36, issue 1 (2020), pp. 1-68

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Desinformation aufdecken und bekämpfen: Interdisziplinäre Ansätze gegen Desinformationskampagnen und für Meinungspluralität

Martin Steinebach, Katarina Bader, Lars Rinsdorf, Nicole Krämer, Alexander Roßnagel (eds.)

Baden-Baden: Nomos (2020), 217 pp.

"Was macht Desinformation im deutschsprachigen Internet aus? Wie wirkt Desinformation? Wie kann sie mithilfe technischer Mittel erkannt werden? Was kann und könnte mit regulatorischen und rechtlichen Maßnahmen gegen Desinformation getan werden? Aus den Erkenntnissen von Journalistik, Medienpsychol ... more

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Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation: How AI Changes the Way Disinformation is Produced, Disseminated, and Can be Countered in Security and Human Rights

Katarina Kertysova

Security and Human Rights, volume 29, issue 1/4 (2020), pp. 55-81

"This article explores the challenges and opportunities presented by advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of information operations. The article first examines the ways in which AI can be used to counter disinformation online. It then dives into some of the limitations of AI solut ... more

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Deepfakes & Disinformation

Agnieszka M. Walorska

Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2020), 31 pp.

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The State of Deepfakes: Landscape, Threats, and Impact

Amsterdam: Deeptrace (2019), 20 pp.

"Our research revealed that the deepfake phenomenon is growing rapidly online, with the number of deepfake videos almost doubling over the last seven months to 14,678. This increase is supported by the growing commodification of tools and services that lower the barrier for non-experts to create dee ... more