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Media Development Indicators: A Framework for Assessing Media Development
Key Guidance

Paris: International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) UNESCO (2008), 101 pp.

"This paper aims to be 'an analytical tool designed to help stakeholders assess the state of the media and measure the impact of media development programmes' (page 7). It has been prepared to define indicators of media development in line with the priority areas of the International Programme for t ... more

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Indicadores de desenvolvimento da mídia: Marco para a avaliação do desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação

Brasília: UNESCO (2008), 68 pp.

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Pioneering Community Radio: Impacts of IPDC Assistance in Nepal

Paris: International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) UNESCO (2008), 12 pp.

"IPDC’s support for community radio in Nepal has been a strategic, defining factor in the growth of the community media sector. The Programme has regularly supported small, distinct projects that have catalyzed the growth of the sector at different times by promoting replicable models, establishin ... more

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Evaluation of the Information for All Programme (IFAP)

Michael Gurstein, Wallace Taylor

Paris: UNESCO (2007), 65 pp.

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Towards an Improved Strategy of Support to Public Service Broadcasting: Evaluation of UNESCO's Support to Public Service Broadcasting 2005-2006. Final Report

Mark J. Stiles, Cindy Weeks

Paris: UNESCO; Stiles Association (2006), 50 pp.

"Progress on Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) is more likely to occur when there is collaboration with others; where there are strategic opportunities; when UNESCO uses project funds to reward progressive policy change; where there are staff in the field who are committed to PSB; when there is foll ... more

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International Programme for the Development of Communication: An Evaluation of the Reforms = Programme International Pour Le Développement De La Communication: Évaluation des Réformes

Helge Rønning, Kristin Skare Orgeret

Oslo: Department of Media and Communication University of Oslo; UNESCO (2006), 33, 33 pp.

"The present study of the UNESCO International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) is a follow-up of an evaluation of the Programme undertaken in 2002. The purpose of the study is to assess the efficiency of the reforms that have been undertaken since 2002. The study is mainly a de ... more

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Evaluation of UNESCO's Community Multimedia Centres: Final Report

Heather Creech

Paris: Evaluation Section Internal Oversight Service UNESCO (2006), 61 pp.

"Since 2001, UNESCO has established more than 87 Community Multimedia Centres (CMCs) in over 22 developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean with major funding provided by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The evaluation describes the initiative's ma ... in achievement: 'The CMCs are accepted by and fully integrated into the communities and can in many cases be sustained beyond the pilot phase without core operating grants. The effort and funding that UNESCO has channeled into this transformative initiative have been exceeded by the hard work and commitment of the CMC staff and the communities where they are based. Among other key findings, the evaluators clearly acknowledge the contribution of CMCs to local development, noting that longer term benefits are already being realized within individual communities, such as the gradual removal of barriers to social inclusion, the stimulation of poverty alleviation through access to knowledge of better health, resource management, agriculture practices and the creation of new livelihoods opportunities. CMCs are also recognized as critical tools for local communities to mediate changes brought on by globalization and the advent of new technologies: The CMC role in fostering cultural resilience. The capacity of a community to retain critical knowledge and at the same time adapt to external influences and pressures - is particularly remarkable. In addition to an extensive review of documentation, the evaluation used field research, interviews, questionnaires, an online survey, and case studies to review the CMC initiative, a flagship activity of UNESCO's Communication and Information Sector. Equitable and expanded access to ICTs is promoted in many ways, such as subsidized training for those with special requirements and/or marginalized groups; close work with schools, small businesses and the independent sector; or the provision of information to more remote communities through radio, says the evaluation report. The evaluation also points out challenges faced by the CMC initiative, including the strategic use of CMC networks as delivery mechanisms for development services, from projects and programmes of UN agencies and national governments to those of local civil society groups. Many challenges relate to sustainability of local facilities in low-income and least-developed localities. As CMCs depend on volunteers for the delivery of training, radio programming and other services, they face difficulties in finding appropriate incentives for volunteers and struggle with managing volunteer turnover. Another challenge consists of opportunities for networking and staff development, which to date have been limited. Evaluators point out the need for CMCs to learn from and access expertise more easily and systematically from each other in order to be sustainable. Enabling national policy environments are very important for the development and sustainability of CMCs. Sudden changes in national policies on connectivity charges can destabilize CMCs and broadcast licensing restrictions or restrictions on press freedom can prevent CMCs from being able to broadcast freely and to a broader constituency, says the report." (UNESCO website) more

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Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (Twenty-Fourth Session) Paris, 31 March - 2 April 2004: Final Report

Paris: International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) UNESCO (2004), 36, 4, 22 pp.

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ERNO Television News Project for the Western Balkan Region: Assessment Report for UNESCO-Final

Uroš Lipušcek

Ljubljana: UNESCO (2004), 24 pp.

"ERNO is in the opinion of all directors and leading editors I talked to for the purpose of this report a very important tool, not only for the exchange of news in the not so far very troubled region of Europe, but is also a very suitable mechanism for starting an even more productive and widespread ... more

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All IPDC Projects by Region and by Country Since the Creation of the Programme: Twenty-Third Session

Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)

Paris: UNESCO (2003), 62 pp.

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Evaluation of UNESCO’s Book, Reading and Cultural Industries Programmes 1990-1998

Paris: UNESCO (2002), 45 pp.

"UNESCO’s involvement with the books programme started off as general in character, becoming focused in the 1990s on country-specific circumstances, culminating in the publication of the practical guide, The National Book Policy. Numerous actions were initiated and implemented under the programmes ... more

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Media in Development: An Evaluation of UNESCO's International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)

Kristin Skare Orgeret, Helge Rønning

Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2002), 55 pp.

"The International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) was created by UNESCO in 1980. The pivotal aim was to increase co-operation and assistance for the development of communication infrastructures and to reduce the gap between countries in the communication field. The programme e ... merged from debates within UNESCO about a New World Communication and Information order, and reflections on the importance of communications media as tools for development. Norway has supported IPDC from the very beginning, and was, one of the main founders of the program’s Special Account. Down the years Norway has contributed a total of US$ 11 428 000 to the Special Account from 1982 to 2000. The Norwegian contribution has however gradually decreased from 1 052 000 US$ in 1988, to around 2 million NOK annually in recent years (varying between 226,432 and 308,315 US$ according to the exchange rate). During the last six years Norway has allocated 1 576 474 US$ to the Special Account. Norway is the second largest donor after Denmark. Until 2001 support to IPDC was specified as a separate item in the budget of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For the 2001/2002 budget it was decided to allocate support to the IPDC under the heading of “Good governance” (UD 2002: post 74, page 153–154). The financial contributions to the IPDC have always been inadequate, and the problem worsened after 1995 due to the drastic drop in funding. In 2001 a moratorium was put on new projects and 46 approved projects were waiting to be financed. Given Norway’s relationship to the IPDC, it is not surprising that it would like to see an evaluation both of the program’s impact and its current impecunious situation. The role of projects in the area of media and communication must be considered within the framework of Norway’s total development policies, but particularly in relation to the commitment to strengthen democracy, accountability and transparency where the media play a central role. The present evaluation is intended to serve as a background for a renewed discussion of the continuation of Norwegian support to the IPDC, and of the reorientation and renewal of the programme." (Fact sheet, page 6) more

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Recommendations for the Reforms of the IPDC Working Methods

Paris: Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) (2001), 14, 33 pp.

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Afrika und die internationale Kommunikationsordnung: Zu Entwicklungstendenzen der afrikanischen Medien in den 90er Jahren und ihrer Lage in der Globalisierung

Michel Christian Mbida

Frankfurt am Main: Doctoral Thesis Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität (2000), 243 pp.

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Forum: Deutsche Medienhilfe für Afrika. Die DUK im entwicklungspolitischen Ausschuß des Deutschen Bundestags

UNESCO heute, issue 3 (1994), pp. 305-324

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Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication: Ninth Session, Final Report

Paris: UNESCO (1988), 25 pp.

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Kommunikationspolitik der UNESCO: Dokumentation und Analyse der Jahre 1946 bis 1987

Christian Breunig

Konstanz: Universitätsverlag Konstanz (1987), 204 pp.

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Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (Seventh Session)

Paris: UNESCO (1986), 24 pp.

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Medienförderung in der Dritten Welt

Barthold C. Witte

Vereinte Nationen: German Review on the United Nations, volume 31, issue 6 (1986), pp. 184-186

"Gerade in Taschkent ist bei den Entwicklungsländern das Bewußtsein dafür gewachsen, daß sie materielle Hilfe zum Aufbau eigener Medieninfrastrukturen nur vom Westen erwarten können. Der Abbau des Ungleichgewichts zwischen Nord und Süd auf dem Gebiet der Information ist für den Osten nur Vorw ... and zu ideologischer Schützenhilfe im Kampf um eine neue Weltinformations- und Kommunikationsordnung. Tatsächliche Medienhilfe leistet die Sowjetunion nur bei den Staaten, die ohnehin weitgehend unter ihrem Einfluß stehen (etwa Kuba oder Angola). Die Beiträge der Sowjetunion zum IPDC-Sonderkonto wurden etwa zur Hälfte in nichtkonvertierbaren Rubeln geleistet und stellen deshalb nichts anderes als bilaterale Hilfe dar, die sonst von ihr, sofern sie aus dem Westen kommt, wegen ihrer angeblichen Anbindung an politische Konditionen so gern diskreditiert wird. Eine sowjetische Zusage, Nachrichtenagenturen aus Ländern der Dritten Welt Sondertarife für die Benutzung von Satellitenkanälen einzuräumen, ist ebenfalls vorrangig propagandistischer Natur und von geringer faktischer Bedeutung, da sie allenfalls auf den verbilligten Bezug von TASSNachrichten hinausläuft. Demgegenüber hat die Bundesrepublik Deutschland bisher Medienhilfe in beträchlichem Umfang gewährt. Seit Gründung des Bundesministeriums für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit 1961 wurden bis zum Jahresende 1982 von der Bundesrepublik Deutschland insgesamt 530 Medienprojekte mit einem Bewilligungsvolumen von 990 Mill. DM gefördert. Auch wenn die Summe der Ist-Ausgaben um etwa ein Drittel geringer ist, illustriert diese Zahl sinnfällig das hohe medienpolitische Engagement der Bundesrepublik in der Dritten Welt. Allein 1982 wurden 64 Projektbewilligungen im Gesamtvolumen von 82 Mill. DM ausgesprochen. In der regionalen Verteilung rangiert Afrika vor Asien und Lateinamerika. Der Förderungsschwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Entwicklung des Hörfunks wegen seiner großen Akzeptanz auch in Gegenden mit geringer Alphabetisierungsrate und der günstigen Möglichkeit zum Direktempfang mittels billiger Transistorgeräte. Förderung von Fernsehen, Druckmedien, Film und Nachrichtenagenturen folgt erst mit größerem Abstand. Die Zusammenarbeit mit den Empfängerländern umfaßt dabei folgende Bereiche: Auf- und Ausbau von Medieneinrichtungen (Studio-, Sende- und Empfangsanlagen, Druckereien etc.); Entsendung von Fachberatern sowie Aus- und Fortbildung für Journalisten, Rundfunktechniker und ähnliche Berufsgruppen. Die finanzielle und technische Zusammenarbeit auf der Regierungsebene mit den Entwicklungsländern erfolgt über die Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau bzw. die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. Große Bedeutung kommt daneben den Projektaktivitäten nichtstaatlicher Organisationen wie der politischen Stiftungen und der Zentralstellen der Kirchen zu. Ausbildungsprogramme werden insbesondere vom Internationalen Institut für Journalismus in Berlin sowie von den Ausbildungszentren der Deutschen Welle (Hörfunk) und des Senders Freies Berlin (Fernsehen) offeriert. Stipendienprogramme werden in der Regel von der Carl-Duisberg-Gesellschaft durchgeführt. Fast die Hälfte der Ist-Ausgaben der finanziellen und technischen Zusammenarbeit im Mediensektor entfiel so im Jahre 1982 auf nichtstaatliche Träger. Dies entspricht auch unserer Auffassung von der begrenzten Rolle der Regierungen im Bereich der Medien überhaupt. Während sich die Medienhilfe bisher auf die Lieferung von Ausrüstung und Material (hardware) sowie auf Ausbildungs- und Beratungshilfe konzentrierte, wird künftig verstärktes Augenmerk der Programmhilfe (software) etwa für Rundfunk und Fernsehen zu widmen sein. Koproduktionen zwischen deutschen Anstalten und Partnern in der Dritten Welt weisen hier den Weg." (Seite 185-186) more

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World Communications: A Handbook

George Gerbner, Marsha Siefert (eds.)

New York: Longman (1984), xv, 527 pp.

"Brings together 54 articles on research and policy on communications in the "three worlds" by scholars and policy makers from the U.S., Western Europe, the socialist countries including the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, and the developing world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America - 25 countri ... more

Media Development Indicators: A Framework for Assessing Media Development Key Guidance

Media Development Indicators: A Framework for Assessing Media Development
Key Guidance